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Before The Pumpkins: Faith In The Flames

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Picture the scene: the year is somewhere around 155–160, Polycarp has just been arrested and brought to the city. The crowd roared in the stadium. The smell of sweat and fear mingled with the dust of Smyrna’s arena. And in the centre of it all stood an old man — calm, unflinching, his face marked with years of faith. The Roman proconsul urged him again: “Swear by the fortune of Caesar. Curse Christ, and I will release you.”

Polycarp looked him in the eye and replied with a defiant response that has echoed down the ages,

Eighty and six years I have served Him, and He has done me no wrong. How can I blaspheme my King who saved me?

Those words have become immortal in and of themselves, reverberating from pulpits, prison cells, and whispered prayers in dark times. They belong to Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, and one of the clearest windows we have into the courage of the early Church.

The place of Polycarp’s martyrdom was not Rome, as many assume, but the bustling city of Smyrna, in what is now western Turkey. Smyrna was one of the great cities of Asia Minor — wealthy, loyal to Rome, and proud of its grand stadium where games and public spectacles were held. It was in that very stadium, believed by archaeologists to have seated up to 20,000 people, before the watching crowds and the Roman proconsul of the province, that the aged bishop was brought to stand trial. The same stadium that once echoed with cheers for athletes and gladiators would now resound with the final testimony of a Christian who refused to curse his King.

The Roman stadium of Smyrna, located on the slopes of Mount Pagos, fully excavated in 2014. (Source)

A Disciple of the Apostles

Polycarp was no obscure figure on the fringes of history. Born around AD 69, he lived at the very hinge between the apostolic age and the developing life of the Church. Tradition tells us that he was a disciple of the Apostle John, friend and fellow bishop with Ignatius of Antioch, and a mentor to another great bishop — Irenaeus of Lyons. Through Polycarp, we stand just one generation away from the eyewitnesses of Jesus Himself.

He served faithfully as bishop of Smyrna (modern-day Izmir, Turkey), a bustling port city of trade, culture, and imperial devotion. When persecution began to stir, Polycarp was not a young zealot but an elderly shepherd who had spent his life guiding others in Christ’s way. His story is preserved in The Martyrdom of Polycarp, one of the earliest martyr narratives ever written, likely composed by those who knew him personally.

How the Stadium would have looked in the time of Polycarp. Image: İzmir Time Machine

The Arrest and the Trial

When soldiers came to arrest him, Polycarp did not run. Instead, he greeted his captors with hospitality, ordering food and drink to be brought to them. He even asked for an hour to pray, and they granted it. His prayer was so fervent and filled with grace that several of his guards later regretted their role in his capture.

Brought before the governor, Polycarp was told to swear by Caesar’s name, to prove his loyalty to Rome. He could have chosen silence. He could have muttered a few words to save himself. But instead, he stood firm in his faith and act boldly with confidence in his Saviour, who, when entering the stadium spoke to him by voice from heaven saying, “Be strong, and show thyself a man, O Polycarp!”. The other believers who were with Polycarp also heard the voice but no one saw where it came from.

Due to Polycarp’s advanced age, the proconsul tried to persuade him to just declare what was asked of him and say, “Swear by the fortune of Cæsar; repent, and say, ‘Away with the Atheists’”. In this context at the time, “Atheists” referred to Christians because they denied the pantheon of Roman gods.

But Polycarp, he wasn’t so easily intimidated. Looking around at “all the multitude of the wicked heathen” in the stadium seats, he waved his hand towards them and said, “Away with the Atheists”! A real power move.


Faith in the Flames

The proconsul threatened Polycarp with wild beasts ready to tear him apart, but he wasn’t fazed by it.

The proconsul said to him again, “Since you make light of the wild beasts, I will have you burned alive unless you repent.”
Polycarp replied, “You threaten me with a fire that burns for only an hour and then goes out — but you know nothing of the fire of the coming judgement and eternal punishment that awaits the wicked. So why do you delay? Do whatever you wish.”

The interesting thing here is that if we look back at Revelation 2:8–11, we see that the church in Smyrna was one of the seven churches John addressed his Revelation to, and it’s possible that Polycarp was the bishop at this time too. It may be that these words of Jesus, via John, were what gave Polycarp the courage to stand up to threats of fire as he knew being faithful to the point of death would mean conquering the Second Death (i.e. the Lake of Fire):

Be faithful until death, and I will give you the crown of life. Let anyone who has an ear listen to what the Spirit is saying to the churches. Whoever conquers will not be harmed by the second death. (Rev 2: 10–11)

When he was condemned to death, while tied to a stake in a funeral pile, Polycarp prayed and thanked God that he was counted worthy of this moment:

I thank You, Lord, that You have counted me worthy to face this day and this hour — to share in the company of Your martyrs and to drink from the cup of Christ, so that I may rise to eternal life in both body and soul, made incorruptible by the power of the Holy Spirit.

As the fire was lit, the witnesses recorded something extraordinary! The flames, they said, curved around him like the sail of a ship filled by the wind, refusing to touch his body. Those nearby claimed his flesh glowed like bronze in a furnace, and a sweet scent — like incense or baking bread — filled the air. Finally, when a soldier pierced him with a sword, such a rush of blood poured out that it extinguished the fire.

The fire of faith burns hotter than any earthly flame. Polycarp’s calm in the midst of terror testifies that death could not defeat him, because his life was already hidden in Christ. It is mentioned at the end of the Martyrdom that Polycarp was the twelfth person to be martyred from Smyrna and nearby Philadelphia, but the events of what happened with Polycarp stood out and were spoken of by all for a long time afterwards.


The Beginning of a Tradition

We also see here the beginnings of what would (much) later become All Hallows Eve/All Saints Day. The Christians present after Polycarp’s death “afterwards took up his bones, as being more precious than the most exquisite jewels, and more purified than gold, and deposited them in a fitting place”

His remains were treasured and interred and then later the believers would “celebrate the anniversary of his martyrdom, both in memory of those who have already finished their course, and for the exercising and preparation of those yet to walk in their steps”. Martyrdoms were treated like birthdays and celebrated annually in remembrance of their lives and as a way to strengthen the faith of those facing persecution. 

This is the true origin of Halloween.


A Living Flame

Where John wrote, “Perfect love casts out fear,” Polycarp lived those words before the watching empire. His witness reminds us that true faith is not merely spoken; it is embodied, even unto death.

He stands among that great cloud of witnesses described in Hebrews 12 — those whose lives now surround us like a living testimony to God’s faithfulness. They show us that the Christian life is not one of comfort, but of costly grace. Polycarp’s courage calls us to hold fast to the faith we have received, to endure our trials with peace, and to love Christ more deeply than our own safety.


Most of us will likely never face the threat of martyrdom. But the world still tests our faith — through ridicule, compromise, apathy, and fear. There are smaller fires we must walk through: the loss of friendship for the sake of truth, the cost of integrity in a dishonest world, the quiet suffering of remaining faithful when it would be easier to yield.

Polycarp’s story shows us what it means to be steadfast. He did not become brave in a single moment of crisis; his courage was the fruit of a lifetime walking with Christ. Faithfulness is not forged in the fire, it is revealed there like precious metal in a blacksmiths furnace.


Next Time…

Next in this series, we’ll journey to the third century, to Carthage, where a young mother named Perpetua faced death in the arena with unshakable courage and a vision of heaven that strengthened all who watched her die. Subscribe to updates so you don’t miss a thing!


Further Reading

 


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Before the Pumpkins: The Martyrs who sanctified the night

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Long before costumes, candy, and carved pumpkins, the night we now call Halloween was kept holy as the Eve of All Saints — a time to remember those who lit the darkness with faith.

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